Since GeoDict 2023, the simulation of one-way battery volumetric changes due to lithium intercalation of active materials is included in the module BatteryDict as an add-on called BatteryDict-Degradation.

After a finished charging or discharging simulation of a battery or a half cell, the mechanical expansion or contraction of the cell as well as the stresses and strains resulting from this deformation can be computed. To this purpose, ElastoDict’s FeelMath solver is called internally from BatteryDict-Degradation.

The expansion, , of an active material in each coordinate direction depends on the changes in lithium concentration during charging simulation,

with the concentration expansion coefficient, and the lithium concentration at the start and end of the (charging) simulation and the length of the material in the coordinate direction under consideration. It is computed equivalently to the thermal expansion of a material due to temperature change.

Note that the concentration expansion coefficient used in BatteryDict -Degradation is a coefficient for the linear expansion in each coordinate direction. In literature, often an expansion coefficient for volumetric changes due to lithium intercalation, , can be found. To get the coefficient required here, use